Physical and cultural aspect of the city of Islamic origins which are Essay

Physical and cultural aspect of the city of Islamic origins which are still present in the contemporary Arab city - Essay Example This was towards enabling greater responsiveness and functionality, vital in meeting the cultural and socio-economic needs of the Umma. Islam’s ascent to dominance as a world religion was influenced by its penetration of different regions of the globe i.e. Europe, Asia and Africa. This resulted in an overwhelming and irreversible impact on these regions’ urban development. As Saoud (2002) alludes, Islam as an urban religion was based on the community’s commitment to religious values, beliefs and practices relating to both authority and organization, and emphasizing more on social gathering/ togetherness. This was as opposed to the encouragement of human dispersal and nomadic lifestyle, which were characteristics of early Islamic life. As a result, early Muslim centers and towns were erected with the core responsibility of preaching Islam (Saoud, 2002). The essence of Islam as an urban religion was to sprout out of this ideal, as the religion was best adhered to in communal gatherings, as opposed to personal prayer and devotion. Historically, early centers served primarily as places of worship i.e. those of the Maghreb, Rabat and Tunis. Their role was that of – a Citadel of Faith – as Fischel (1956) eludes, dedicated to receiving and providing habitat for new converts. Also critical to this role, was the concept of such cities being referred to as Dar-El-Hijra, places where Muslims came to practice the Islamic way of life. It is through this critical avenue that Islam was spread throughout North Africa, and subsequently the whole of the region in addition to southern Europe. Thus, religious role was a key aspect of the emergence of such thriving towns and cities. This prestigious role of the towns and cities, as religious centers, was replaced by political motives during the 9th Century AD. The turbulence of this era resulted in the breakaway of such regions, from the traditional link to the main Caliphate,

Initial reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Initial reflection - Essay Example I never knew that using proper fluent English was an issue for the people living in that area. When I stood to make my speech and give thanks, that is the time I learned I was supposed to address the audience in a certain way. Slang is a native Black American language that originated from the slaves while working on the plantations. Slaves were forbidden from speaking any other language apart from English. The slaves led to the birth of Slang as a language among the Africa Americans people. I have lived in the poor people area of Amsterdam for about half a year that did socialize with black people. I moved to the suburbs where people spoke proper English, and I adapted to the system of proper English speaking people. From the time I joined University, I have been speaking in correct English. The charity event was dominated by Black people, and everyone was speaking Slang. Since the speech I was making was official, I thought speaking fluent, proper English was appropriate. Speaking Slang does not mean one is stupid and can’t read and write. We have people who speak proper English, but still don’t perform well in school. It shows proper English has nothing to do with performance in the subject. African American identifies itself with the way they speak. They do a lot of code-switching while speaking. It is who they are. Slang makes someone cool, and speaking proper English make people raise eyebrows as to what one says. It does not apply to all Africa Americans, though each time someone criticized my language, it was the Black people. I am used to speaking proper English now. My speech was written in proper and fluent English that many residents did not approve. Immediately after my first sentence, one of the kids interrupted me and demanded I speak a language more understandable. I had used the word â€Å"ecstatic† in explaining how glad I was to be part of the event. The kids insisted the use of simpler words like â€Å"happy† was

Lone Wolf Terrorism Definitions Essay

Lone Wolf Terrorism Definitions Essay Lone wolf terrorism and mass killings can be argued to be a global phenomenon today. The definitions incorporated in the literature concerning Lone wolf terrorism do not differ greatly. According to Spaaij (2010) in The Enigma of Lone wolf terrorism: An assessment the term lone wolf terrorism encompasses terrorist attacks which are carried out by one person, who does not belong to an organised terrorist group. According to Spaaij, attacks which are carried out by couples or small cells do not qualify as lone wolf terrorists. The clearest definition from STRATFOR (a provider of geopolitical analysis and global intelligence) by Stewart, Scott and Burton (2008) of lone wolf terrorism is similar to an extent to the relation of Spaaij. STRARFOR states that lone wolf terrorism is defined as a person who acts on his or her own without orders from or connections to an organisation. Over the past decade, an increased number of lone wolf terrorist incidents have occurred over the world. Additionally, there are a diverse number of mass killings that have occurred, including shooting sprees by motivated individuals. Janet Napolitano the US Secretary of Homeland Security recently stated that individual terrorism is a problem which is also increasing. Historical background Lone wolf terrorism is known not to be a new phenomenon in our society. Comparable examples of lone wolf terrorism are highly visible during nineteenth-century anarchism. Mikhail Bakunin a Russian anarchist is known for stating that violence occurs by individuals due to the desire to participate in an activity which is revolutionary (Bakker and de Graaf 2010). It was suggested by Bakunin that those involved in small associations along with individuals should assassinate those who symbolise an existing social order. Bakunins interpretation galvanised terrorist incursion in multiple fragments of Europe. History illustrates that individual anarchists were involved in a number of incidents in opposition to establishments which embodied the significance of bourgeoisie norms and values (Kushner, 2003). Novak (1954) states that in the twentieth-century anarchists strongly believed that individual terrorism was both an approach which was rewarding and significant. In the United States during the latter period of the twentieth-century lone wolf terrorism was related to anti-government extremists and white supremacists (Novak 1954). It is defined by Kaplan (1997) that leadership resistance is whereby an engagement of anti-state violence is practised by lone wolves and where lone wolf individuals are independent of association. A past representative of the Ku Klux Klan; Louis Beam (1992) also a known white supremacist, popularised the concept of leaderless resistance. Louis beam had a judgement that individuals should function independently of each other and should not seek direction. During the late 1990s, Alex Curtis and Tom Metzger white supremacists dominated the expression lone wolf. (Anti-Defamation League, 2002). It was established by Curtis and Metzger that it is difficult to distinguish lone wolf terrorism compared to usual forms of terrorism. My Interests/Why I have chosen this topic? A number of reasons triggered my interest in mass killing and lone wolf terrorism, therefore, encouraging me to pursue this topic. The attack which occurred in Oslo, Norway by Anders Breivik contributes as a catalyst of interest in lone wolf terrorism and lone mass killings. Anders Breivik killed seventy-seven people in two terrorist attacks. Additional interests of mass killing were attacks performed by mass killer Seung-Hui Cho who went on a shooting spree in his university in the United States. An additional incident of mass killing that further increased my interest was the Aurora cinema shooting that occurred in Colorado in summer 2012. What was interesting about these cases to me was the motivation to why these lone individuals resulted in such methods. I was also interested in exploring the psychology of these mass killers and lone wolf terrorists, the main question I wanted answering was; what did they all have in common? According to Hewitt (2005), academic literature illust rates that the confines of lone wolf terrorism are habitually vague. Such examples are of attacks transmitted on individual particular motivation, such as mass killers or political assassinations. Hoffman (1998) states that a violent act committed by a lone wolf terrorist and a mass killer are similar however their rationale and motivation are different. There is a lack of academic literature comparing the psychological state of lone wolf terrorists and mass killers. Therefore an increased interest of mine is to analyse the commonalities of mass killers and lone wolves and what psychological factors contribute to their motivations and state of mind. What questions have been prompted for my research project? The questions that have been prompted for my own research project is; what are the motivational reasons to why mass killers and lone wolf terrorists resort to such methods? Furthermore, whether there are any psychological issues which mass killers and lone wolf terrorists suffer from; at their current time or at any time in their life. According to What a killer thinks by Cullen (2012) it states that; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦most of these mass murders are committed by criminals who fall into three groups these three groups are the delusional, psychopaths and suicidal and depressed. The examples of case studies given in this article are of Seung-Hui Cho, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold. Furthermore, according to Hewitt (2003) in Understanding Terrorism in America he argues that the extent of psychological disturbance is significantly high among lone wolves. Motivational reasons in relation to academic literature that I have read there is a diverse range of motivational reasons and patterns. The Enigma of Lone Wolf Terrorism; an Assessment by Saiij (2010) states that the main ideological categories of lone wolf include ideologies such as White Supremacy , nationalism and Islamism. From literature I have learned that the main motivational factors for lone wolf terrorism are that of political ideologies or religious views. Stern (2003) argues in Terror in the Name of God that lone wolves come up with their own ideologies that combine personal vendettas with religious or political grievances. I will further analyze different profiles of lone wolf terrorists and lone mass killers which will further broaden the understanding of differing motivational factors of lone wolves and mass killers. A further interest of mine is what are the common weapons used in attacks? An additional question I ask is; what are the different methods of operation us ed by lone wolf terrorists and lone mass killer. What is already known? From enlarged study of academic literature and articles it is already known that both lone wolf terrorists and mass killers have suffered from psychological issues at one point in their lives. Martha Grenshaw (1992) states in How Terrorists think; that the strongest motivations of terrorism is vengeance. She states that individuals; particularly desire to avenge not oneself but others, especially people thought to be responsible for injustices. Grenshaw also states that attention is a reward this is also popular amongst those who have felt neglected by society or ignored. An example to support the claim that attention is a reward can be the profile of Timothy McVeigh. McVeigh was obsessed with his legacy whilst he was on death row. McVeigh desperately wished for his biography American Terrorist to be published before his death, he strongly believed that he would go down in history as a great American patriot similar to Alexander Hamilton or Thomas Paine (Springer 2009). Furthermore, psychologist Todd Walker (2007) answers the question; What drives a mass killer like Seung Hui Cho? Walker responds that when an individual feels wounded they feel they have the right to seek à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦revenge and restitution. This contributes one of many psychological reviews which relate to mass killers and the motivation behind their attacks. Analytical studies have illustrated that a high rate of lone wolf terrorism occurs in the United States compared to any other western country. This was established by Hewitt (2003), who analyses the increase in victimization by lone wolves from 1955 following up to the years in 1999. Hewitt states that lone wolf terrorism has become an ascending threat in North America, he also states that lone wolf terrorism; has greatly increased in recent decades. How others have approached similar research questions. Other literature authors have approached similar research questions in diverse ways. The main aim for many authors is to establish the definition of lone wolf terrorism. However the motivation for lone wolf terrorism is also a key approach to the understanding of why individuals become lone wolves. Patterns of radicalization are also a research approach to which authors have conducted. I shall be analyzing this form of approach in relation to my research question related to lone wolf terrorism and mass killers. Questions that havent been answered From diverse literature materials, I have noticed a trend which relates to questions about how to fight lone wolf terrorism. This can be viewed to be a weakness in prior research as there are a numerous range of unanswered questions. Preventing Lone Wolf Terrorism (Bakker and Graaf 2011) ask a question; How to deal with the threat of lone wolf terrorism and the challenge of identifying, targeting and arresting persons who act entirely on their own? They state that this question has not been appropriately answered therefore causing the issue of how to reconcile fundamental principles of open societies with guaranteeing security to citizens. Academic literature of conventional terrorism emphasises the influence of leaders and training. The inequity between the discerned intimidations of lone wolf terrorism and the focus on contemporary terrorism which incorporate group form manifests the requirement for a greater theoretical examination to facilitate a greater understanding of lone wolf terrorism. A weakness in academic literature is the issue that literature is vague about the degree to which contemporary accounts of terrorism can contribute to the development of performance of lone wolf terrorists. This therefore supports my consideration of a diverse range of question relating to the motivations, nature and the modus operandi of lone wolf terrorism. Debates on topic area There is a large debate on lone wolf terrorism and the issue of preventing it. Available literature explains that there is not a concrete answer to the questioning of whether lone wolf terrorism can be stopped and also how to deal with the threat of lone wolf terrorism. There are a small number of counter terrorist responses. According to Alex Shone (2010), the key factor of the UKs Counter Terrorism response regarding lone wolf terrorism occurrences is in knowing how attacks may occur however not whom would carry out the attacks. Shone believes that counter terrorism services need to adopt a method of using a sensitive detective system. An additional debate on how to deal with the threat of lone wolf terrorism relates to the factor that there are commonalities shared between lone wolves and therefore a way to deal with the this threat would be to scrutinize and work together with afflicted communities. Furthermore it is believed by counter terrorist responses that it would be; à ¢Ã ¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦rewarding to compare and study the nature of potential triggers or catalyst events in the radicalization process of lone wolves. (Bakker and de Graaf 2011) It is illustrated in literature that counter terrorism responses can only partially reduce the threat of lone wolf terrorism as the challenge to prevent it is viewed to be huge. There is increased analysis needed regarding the modus operandi of lone wolf terrorists and their radicalization process. According to Bakker and de Gaaf (2011) they state that is crucial that experiences, data and policy makers and researchers are present in order to develop various feasible responses to lone wolf terrorism. The platform my sources provide There are a number of platforms which sources provide for my dissertation. My sources illustrate clear definitions of lone wolf terrorism which give me a clear understanding of the concept. There are also a number of case studies and profiles of lone terrorists and mass killers who use methods of shooting sprees. This platform is significant to the extent that it enables me to compare and contrast the commonalities between lone wolves and mass killers. These sources have facilitated me to withdraw significant commonalties and also distinguish trends between lone wolves and mass killers. They have also enabled me to have a concise and clear understanding which has significantly contributed to my study.

Edgar Allen Poes The Black Cat, The Tell-Tale Heart and The Cask of Am

Edgar Allen Poe's 'The Black Cat,' 'The Tell-Tale Heart' and 'The Cask of Amontillado' In each of Edgar Allen Poe's stories of murder and madness, he takes us inside the mind of the murderer from the time he begins until after the deed has been done. Poe gives us a point of view not common in works of horror and suspense: the killers. We read the thoughts and follow the actions of the killer as he plots and follows through with his victim?s demise. All three of his stories are alike, especially 'The Black Cat' and 'The Tell-Tale Heart.' However, I found that 'The Cask of Amontillado' differ more than any of the other two from each other. While the murderers in 'The Black Cat' and 'The Tell-Tale Heart' are motivated by their own insanity, the character in 'The Cask of Amontillado' is driven by pure, old-fashioned revenge and jealousy. A couple main details I noticed about all three tales is that each story is told in first person, and all of the main characters are male. Also, in the end of each of these short stories all men turn out to be no better, if not much wo rse, than they already were. The ?Tell-Tale Heart? begins with the murderer raving about his sanity, and that he commits the crime not because of lunacy but for his master?s ?Evil-Eye.? The man describes the eye as if it is a separate entity from the old man, and if it weren?t for the eye he would have nothing against his master. The eye being attached to the old man is just an unfortunate detail. In the following quote the man describes his feelings towards the Evil-Eye and what he decided to do about it: ?Whenever it fell upon me, my blood ran cold; and so by degrees-very gradually-I made up my mind to take the life of the old man, and thus rid myself ... ...d in some part of the home of each of the murderers. Also, in both of ?The Tell-Tale Heart? and ?The Cask of Amontillado? the killer?s guilty consciences eventually caused some sort of confession of their crimes. The man in the first story was driven mad into confessing from an imaginary heart beat, and the man in the latter is left to believe his conscience is what caused him to write his story confessing his crime. Both men in ?The Tell-Tale Heart? and ?The Black Cat? were extremely confident in their job hiding the bodies, and almost bragging at their job at hiding the body. However, in all three stories the men were punished in some way. The first two stories I described had the law punishing the two men. The final story I described the man was never caught by the authorities for his crime, but instead he had to deal with the weight from his guilty conscience.

Analysis Unit 7 Essay

After nineteen years working as a plant maintenance engineer, employee Bob Thomas was terminated after Jean Lipski the Human Resources Director discovered that Bob was involved in starting a union at the Apollo Corporation. This case will answer the questions: 1. what, if any violation of the law did Apollo Corporation commit? 2. What may be the arguments that Jean Lipski and Bob Thomas use to defend their cases? The case study will also briefly list things mangers should not do to commit unfair labor practices. Review/Analysis of the Case Apollo Corporation is a company that makes component parts for the communication industry. Bob Thomas a Plant Maintenance engineer worked for the company for nineteen years. During the previous five years of his employment his attendance was insufficient, he was a complainer, and also was reported as being a troublemaker. The Apollo Corporation had a laid-back type of atmosphere. As a result of the companies not enforcing the policies strictly and applying disciplinary action against employees not conforming to company policy and a failure to comply with such polices were never put to use (Bohlander 2007). Apollo Corporation is involved in highly competitive industry to produce; HR Director Jean Lipski met with the managers during several meetings and instructed them to exercise their supervisory relationship employees. The employees that did not adhere to HR policies would have disciplinary action against them. Bob and several of the employees were not happy of hearing about the enforcement of the policies. Bob also began to worry about his job, because his attendance was so poor and being labeled as troublemaker and complainer. So Bob contacted the union organizer of the Brotherhood of Machine Engineers. Bob conveyed to the union organizer that he wanted to start a union drive in the company. After a week went by fliers were handed out to the employees about a union meeting. Jean Lipski found out that employees were putting together a meeting to discuss being a union and Bob was the leader of the campaign, Jean called Bob Thomas into her office and terminated his employment with company on the basis of his unsatisfactory work performance and less than perfect attendance. Bob immediately called the union organizer and informed him of his discharge from The Apollo Corporation. Bob and the union organizer immediately headed to the regional office of the NLRB to file unfair labor practice charge against The Apollo Corporation for involvement to unionize the company. Analysis of Findings Apollo Corporation could be charged with unfair labor practices of the National Labor Relations Board (Belcourt, 2004). The National Labor Relations Act, section 7 states â€Å"employees have the right to self-organization, to form, join or assist labor organization. †(p597) Bob Thomas termination happened shortly after he contacted a union organizer and started an campaign for a meeting to be held so that the employees could become unionized Jean Lipski arguments could be based off the fact that Bob had a record of poor attendance and unsatisfactory performance on the job and that was reason for his dismissal. Jean also could argue that she had conducted meetings with the managers to enforce the performance polices and that they were already being set in place and the fact that Bob contacted a union organizer was only to secure his job, because of his lack of performance. Bob Thomas could argue that he was discharged for his involvement in trying to unionize the company. Bob could point out the fact that The Apollo Corporation had been lax in their disciplinary practices in the past and he never suffered any repercussions for his poor performance, until he contacted a union organizer. He could further argue that his termination after contacting an organizer is a violation of the employee right to organize. Recommendations In order for this type of case to never happen again managers need to be aware of the unfair labor practices. Managers should not hire, promote or terminate employees on the basis of their union membership or gender, race and even religion (Belcourt 2004). Meetings should be held with both managers and employees. Most important, disciplinary policies should be enforced from the beginning of employment. Summary and Conclusions . This case study showed how an employee and a company not following their company policies from the beginning of employment can turn into a legal conflict involving the union. Employers have to practice fair labor and be knowledgeable of union practices in order to protect themselves from being accused or sued for discrimination.

Different Types Of Abuse Essay

Indicators of abuse. Factors that may lead to abuse. Physical: To cause physical pain and injury to another person, making them physically suffer from harm. Signs for physical abuse would be quite easy to spot as you can look for marks on people such as bruising, bite marks, burn marks or even fractures. Another indicator could be that the marks on their body are repetitive say for example they have bruising on their body and then a couple of weeks later they have more bruises on their body, this could be an indicator for physical abuse. Behavioural indicators could be that they cannot remember how the injuries occurred and makes up an excuse. They could also flinch if someone approached them unexpectedly. Poor memory and concentration levels could be a behavioural sign. Factors that could lead to physical abuse being an issue could be from care givers that have inability to cope with stress on adults and their behaviours, they could themselves suffer with depression which is a common thing amongst care givers and then they could take their depr ession and anger out on adults who are vulnerable, lack of support from other care workers could lead to physical abuse. Lack of staff training could be the factor that leads to physical abuse. Sexual: any sort of non-consensual contact, touching vulnerable people in not appropriate areas and without their consent. Possible indicators for sexual abuse could be loss of sleep. Also bruising or soreness around the genitals, there could be indicators of torn, stained or blood in the underwear and there could be possible signs of sexually transmitted diseases in some cases. Even pregnancy could be an indicator to sexual abuse. Behavioural indicators could be flinching or not wanting to do personal care. There could be extreme changes in behaviour, bed wetting or frequent bathing to try and remove stains or to try and make themselves feel cleaner. Another indicator could be refusal to disrobe clothes for bedtime or showers whilst in front of people they would normally trust and who they are familiar with. Risk factors that could lead to sexual abuse could be things such as alcohol or drug use as the person g iving the abuse would not know what they are doing as the drugs and alcohol in their body would be controlling them in a way which could lead to sexual abuse. Coercive sexual fantasies of a staff member or even friend or family in some cases, which  could lead to the abuse. Impulsive and antisocial tendencies, preference for impersonal sex, there could be a childhood history of sexual and physical abuse and then they may want to push that onto someone else or could have been witnessed family violence as a child and may think it is acceptable to do certain things. Emotional: Any act including confinement, isolation, humiliation, intimidation or treatment when diminishes a sense of somebody’s identity and dignity. Possible indicators of emotional abuse could be bedwetting or diarrhoea, frequent headaches, nausea, abdominal pains. Behavioural indicators would be something like mental or emotional development lags, poor relationships with people. Runaway attempts, complains of social isolation or severe depression that could be suicidal. Factors that could lead to emotional abuse from someone who has a low self-esteem themselves and w ould like to emotionally beat someone down to make themselves feel better, or the person giving the abuse could have suffered from emotional abuse in their childhood and feel that they got treated a certain way so they want to pass this on to someone else. Factors could also lead to a group of staff members for example and they are all emotionally abusing a service user which they could find amusing but it is actually classed as abuse. Neglect: a passive form of abuse which is leaving the victim who maybe is unable to care for himself or herself but cannot provide care for themselves. You could see neglect by having poor physical conditions, bed sores. The carers normally don’t take care of the service user. Inadequate food supply or water that is not available. Skin rashes related to the bedding being unchanged and urine soaked in the bed. Inadequate living conditions, no toilet or commode. Behavioural indicators could be fear or withdrawal, depression, implausible stories, anger, denial and anxiety. Reasons someone could suffer from neglect could be things such as ignorance or denial that an adult needs as much care as they do. The abuse can be intentional or unintentional. The person in charge of care could have mental health problems or problems from their home life and take this into work and not be interested in caring for adult and therefore neglecting them and their needs. Exploitation/financial: Telling someone what they can and cannot buy or making them share control of their bank account and the person does not have control over their money. Signs of financial abuse could be if a person who had a disability is accompanied by  family or a staff member who appear to pressure the individual to make a transaction. People accompanying an individual to speak for him or her and not allow the individual to speak for themselves. An indicator could be a sudden increase in checking overdrafts or unusually large cash withdrawals or to transfer to other accounts from a joint bank account. Someone else could sign or forge an individual’s signature. Another indicator could be not allowing an individual to discuss legal or financial issues or matters with others. Indicator could be a staff member or family member taking money from the individual without telling them and leaving them with nothing and leading them on saying they have more money than they rea lly do, or taking control of their money and managing their money and tell them what they can and cannot spend money on. Unexplained inability to pay for bills such as shopping bills or house bills could be a sign of abuse. Staff members may not record when service users receive their money so they could take advantage of their money without consent of the service user. By not keeping records of what the service users money goes on it is easy to lose track and the amount of money been spent. A staff member could be short of money with their personal issues and use a service user’s money without anyone knowing and because stuff is not being recorded it can be hard to spot money being taken. Self-harm: there is self-harm, deliberate self-harm, self-injury and self-poisoning which are mostly done without suicidal intentions but just a relief maybe for some. Self-harm is causing deliberate harm to your own body like cutting or burning your skin, pulling your own hair out. Self-harm behaviour includes acts that can cause short and also long term damage for example under eating or binge drinking and drug abuse. Any of these signs could be from self-harm, unexplained cuts, bruises or cigarette burns usu ally are around the wrists, thighs and arms. Signs of depression such as low mood, crying a lot and no motivation. Signs of low self-esteem such as them blaming themselves for any problems and thinking that they are not good enough for something. Signs of misuse of drugs or alcohol and been pulling their hair out. Factors that could lead someone to self-harm could be down to family problems at home, relationship problems, if they are not doing well in education and then start to doubt themselves feeling like they are not good enough and feel like self-harm is the only release. Being bullied could be a factor for self-harm. Also drug or alcohol abuse. Another factor  is that you could be coming to terms with your sexuality and be unhappy to maybe tell people what your sexuality is. Coping with cultural expectations such as arranged marriage could lead to self-harming. Institutional: maltreatment of a person from someone who has power over the victim. Institutional abuse is about who abuses and how that abuse comes to pass. An indicator could be no flexibility in bed time routine or people left o n a commode or a toilet for a long period of time for no reason. Inappropriate care of living area or possessions. Lack of personal clothes or belonging. Deprived environmental conditions and lack of stimulation. Service user could be removed from the home without discussion with other staff members because the staff cannot deal with the service user’s behaviours. Another indicator could be spoken to and treated with disrespect. Lack of individual programmes that would monitor their daily life and behaviours. Factors that could lead to institutional abuse could be down to the environment and the surrounding as it could be the environment out of a home setting and what they are used to, it can determine the potential for maltreatment. Maltreatment mostly happens when the adult may be in a crisis and the caregiver has not got the skills and developed alternative and appropriate response to the service user. Discriminatory: when someone picks on you and treats you differently and unfairly just because something is different about you whether it is your race, sexuality, religion or appearance. Indicators could be that the person being abused is withdrawn and isolates themselves away from other people, fearfulness and anxiety, loss of self-esteem, being refuse to be able to access services and excluded to other people, resistance or refusal to access services that are required to meet the needs. Types of abuse for discrimination would include things such a sex, race, colour, language, culture, religion, politics and sexual orientation. Factors that could lead to discriminatory abuse could be that the care giver does not agree with someone’s religion or sexuality for example, if a service user were gay there caregiver could exclude them from everything and not provide the correct care for them because they do not agree with same sex relationships which would be classes as discriminat ory abuse. The risk factor is greater when the service user or vulnerable adult has a difficulty to communicate with others, always rejecting help from staff member, often has an unusual and offensive behaviour or aggressive  because of these issues staff members may not be able to cope and may no0t have the patients or correct training to resolve these issues which can then lead to abuse. Domestic: The abuse of a partner with an intimate or family member, the abuse is repeated and random. The abuse can be physical, emotional, psychological, financial or sexual. May show the signs of bruises, burns, human bite marks, and fractures round the eyes, nose, teeth and jaw, injuries during pregnancy such as miscarriage or premature birth. Stress related illnesses such as headaches, backaches, chronic pain, family problems, depression, alcohol or drug addictions, absenteeism like lateness or leaving early, changes in job performance. Overly dressed like wearing turtle necks and long sleeves in the summer to cover up any physical marks, jumpy and lack of personal grooming or low self-esteem. Factors that can lead to domestic abuse may be alcohol or drug related so that the drugs and alcohol inside their bodies are controlling them and they may not realise what they are really doing. The abuser could have an unknown mental health or personality problem. They could also suffer from bipolar and have random outbursts of aggressiveness. A history of violence or abuse that includes domestic abuse from previous relationship problems. Poor family relationships where violence is a normal thing and not really a big issue, financial problems because of low income or debt problems could all be factors of domestic abuse. Bullying: Has an advantage of strength or to intimidate someone and typically force someone to do something. Indicators for bullying could be that the person seems unhappy or depressed, not wanting to talk to people much and distancing themselves away from other people. Not socialising with other people. They could cry a lot but may not want to talk about it to anyone or make up an excuse. Factors that could lead to bullying could be for example a leader or person in charge could feel because they have more power that they can intimidate people into doing things and pressure people. If the victims are vulnerable and an easy target to staff member that are bullying them. Groups of staff members thinking it is amusing to bullying service users, which they could find amusing but actually be bullying, intentionally or unintentional. I chose Simone from Winterbourne view for my case study. She was one of man6y residents what suffered multiple abuses from Winterbourne view which was  exposed by Panorama. Her family want her close to her, but she is currently hundreds of miles away from her family. Simone’s parents’ notice that she was a little bit behind other children at nursery and then eventually found out it was because she suffered from a learning disability. Simone suffered from chronic headaches which became very distressing and then her behaviour began to chance and was much more challenging and harder to deal with. She then went to hospital to have it investigated. Simone suffered from physical and emotional abuse. Wayne the carer would physically abuse Simone by putting her hand under a chair and bending her arm which would cause bruising. She had water thrown over her face and left outside to freeze, this would affect her emotionally as it would make her sad and want to isolate herself f rom any of the staff members as she probably felt she couldn’t go to anyone for advice or tell someone about what is happening to her and the abuse she was receiving because the staff members were all in on it as well. As Wayne were the leader all the other members of staff may have been intimidated In some sort of way by him which lead them to copy and imitate what he did to service users like Simone. From the physical abuse by her bruising and marks on her skin, her parents didn’t realise as they only really spoke to her over the phone to check up on her and to see if she was okay, so they were unaware of the abuse that what going on. She was suffering from emotional abuse as well because she has already experienced some form of abuse when she was in a unit before and then had to be removed from that unit into a second unit where she still received abuse from. This would affect her health by her maybe not wanting to live and not to get involved with other people because she feels she cannot trust anyone around her. Long term effects by being pinned to the ground all the time and then it could have made her body or bones be in a certain position which could lead to joint damage or scars on her body. She could also flinch when people approach her even the people she trusts. Simone could be distressed behaviour in the long term by Simone being trapped in uncomfortable position. Although she had negative long term effects for life there are also positive such as being moved to another unit, even though she is hundreds of miles away from her family, they know and believe that she is now in a safe place, free from abuse and enjoying herself. Another long term effect could lead to depression and then she would isolate herself in any  activities and interaction with other people even those close to her. https://www.mencap.org.uk/get-involved/campaigns/take-action/out-sight/simones-story

Narcissism essays

Narcissism essays Narcissism is a pattern of traits and behaviors which signify infatuation and obsession with one's self to the exclusion of all others and the egotistic and ruthless pursuit of one's gratification, dominance and ambition. Narcissism is named after the ancient Greek myth of Narcissus who was a handsome Greek youth who rejected the desperate advances of the nymph Echo. In punishment of his cruelty, he was doomed to fall in love with his own reflection in a pool of water. Unable to consummate his love, he pined away and changed into the flower that bears his name to this very day. Narcissism is a common disorder and appears in many families and relationships. Throughout this paper I will explain what the disorder is, the symptoms, the forms of treatment, and the effects it has on relationships. My first psychologist who is a major researcher and writer about Narcissism is Dr. Sam Vaknin. He explains that there is nothing wrong with loving oneself, but this goes to a certain extent. The popular thing that narcissists are known for is that they love themselves (but this isnt true). In reality, they get their love from other peoples impressions of them. But the narcissist does possess the to love and to be loved. If he cannot love himself then he cannot love his reflection. But for the person to love his reflection it has to be loveable. Then he is taken by his need to love (which we all have), and the narcissist is busy giving off a lovable image for other people, that fits with the way that he sees himself. The person then keeps the image that they have of themselves and puts a lot of their time and energy into it, sometimes it drains the person so much that they are vulnerable to other threats. The most important thing of this image is its lovability. To a narcissist, love is changes with other emotions, such as awe, respect, admiration, or even mere attention. This is known as the Narcissistic Supply. To him the image...

History of Pearl Diving in Qatar

History of Pearl Diving in Qatar Pearl diving was one of Qatar’s main industries until the early 1940s when oil replaced it.  After being the major industry of the area for thousands of years, pearl diving was a decaying profession by the 1930s, after the introduction of Japanese cultured pearls and the Great Depression made pearl diving unprofitable. Even though pearling is no longer a thriving industry, it remains a beloved part of Qatari culture. History and Decline of the Pearling Industry Pearls were treasured in the ancient world, especially by Arabs, Romans, and Egyptians. These areas were largely supplied by the pearling industry in the Persian Gulf, with pearl divers working hard to keep up with the high demand from trading partners in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. Pearl diving was risky and physically taxing. The lack of oxygen, the fast change in water pressure, and the sharks and other marine predators made pearl diving a very dangerous profession. Despite the danger, however, the high value of the pearls made pearl diving a profitable profession. When Japan created oyster farms in the mid-1920s to generate cultured pearls, the pearl market became glutted. In addition, the advent of the Great Depression in the 1930s devastated the pearl market as people no longer had extra money for luxury items such as pearls. With the market for pearls drying up, it was a miraculous event for the Qatari people when oil was discovered in 1939, changing their entire way of life. How Pearls Are Formed Pearls are formed when a foreign object enters the shell of an oyster, mussel, or other mollusk and becomes trapped. This object can be a parasite, grain of sand, or small piece of shell, but more commonly it is a food particle. To protect itself from the particle, the mollusk releases layers of aragonite (the mineral calcium carbonate) and conchiolin (a protein). Over a period of two to five years, these layers build up and form a pearl. In oysters and freshwater mussels, nacre (mother of pearl) gives pearls their natural luster. Pearls from other mollusks have a porcelain-like texture and don’t shine like pearls with nacre do. Qatar is a perfect place to find such beautiful, shiny pearls.  Because of its abundant freshwater springs, the water there is part salty and part fresh, an ideal environment for nacre formation. (Most of the fresh water comes from the Shatt al Arab River.) Cultured pearls follow the same essential formation process as natural pearls, but they are created under carefully controlled conditions on a pearl farm. Pearling Voyages Traditionally, Qatar’s pearl fishers made two annual boat voyages during the June-September fishing season. There was a long trip (two months) and a shorter trip (40 days). Most pearling boats (often called a â€Å"dhow†) contained 18-20 men. Without modern technology, pearl diving was extremely dangerous. The men didn’t use oxygen tanks; instead, they pinched their noses with pieces of wood and held their breaths for up to two minutes. They would also often wear a sheath made of leather on their hands and feet to protect them from the rocky surfaces found below. Then they would throw a rope with a rock tied at the end into the water and jump in. These divers would often swim over 100 feet below, quickly use their knife or a rock to pry oysters and other mollusks off of rocks or the sea floor and place the oysters in a rope bag that they had hung around their necks. When they could hold their breath no more, the diver would pull on the rope and be pulled back up to the boat. Their load of mollusks would then be dumped on the deck of the ship and they would dive again for more. Divers would continue this process throughout the day. At nighttime, the dives would stop and they would all open the oysters to look for the valuable pearls. They could go through thousands of oysters before finding even one pearl. Not all dives went smoothly, however. Diving that deep meant that rapid changes in pressure could cause serious medical problems, including bends and shallow water blackout. Also, the divers were not always alone down there. Sharks, snakes, barracudas, and other aquatic predators were rampant in the waters near Qatar, and would sometimes attack divers. The pearl diving industry got even more complicated when colonial tycoons got involved. They would sponsor pearling voyages but require half of the divers’ profits. If it was a good voyage, then all could become wealthy; if it was not, then the divers could become indebted to the sponsor. Between this exploitation and the health risks involved with pearling, divers lived strenuous lives with little reward. Pearl Diving Culture in Qatar Today While pearl fishing is no longer vital to Qatar’s economy, it is celebrated as a part of Qatari culture. Annual pearl diving competitions and cultural celebrations are held. The four-day Senyar pearl diving and fishing competition recently boasted more than 350 participants, navigating between Fasht and Katara Beach on traditional ships. The annual Qatar Marine Festival is a free event that hosts not only pearl diving demonstrations but also a seal show, dancing waters, food, an elaborate musical play, and miniature golf. It is a fun event for families to learn about their culture and have some fun too.

Application Of Nano Medicine In Various Fields Of Medicine

There isnt generally any area of medicine which couldnt benefit by the upsides of nano technology. The usage of nano materials enable imaging with an upgraded three-dimensional view by strategies for which particular sorts of tissue can be isolated more viably and the measure of distinction medium required can be reduced essentially. Characteristics, nucleic acids, proteins, particles and cell strategies can be distinctively changed electronically and optically with the guide of quantum spots, i.e. nanoparticles of semiconductor valuable stones. These photo probes convey brilliance 1,000 times more imperative than that of customary many-sided quality media and can be contrastingly balanced electronically and optically in light of their colossal security and brightness. The desires and wants for the characteristic potential results of nano medicine pivot around early distinguishing proof of ailments and inherited mentalities at the nuclear level with the guide of fundamental and effic ient quick tests and correct imaging techniques. Researchers are tackling instruments which are advantageous and decentralized and which require only the humblest measures of test for conclusion. The to an awesome degree downsized lab-on-a-chip technique fundamental for this is correct, efficient and of little weight to the patient. It can be used as a piece of the experts preparation and specialists offices and for keeping the spread of powerful diseases. Scientists are hopeful that nanotechnology applications will progress existing and develop new pharmaceuticals and systems for checking, controlling and assuaging diseases. Falsely made vaccinations against powerful illnesses and invulnerable framework contaminations, solutions can be taken by essentially taking in and more profitable possible pharmaceuticals of cardiovascular infections will be available. Creative work is going on centered transport of dynamic substances, affirmation of which is in every way possible now with the guide of nanotechnology. Biocompatible, round nano materials (for example polymers, liposomes or micelles) can be used as transporting administrators. Such vehicles in the unfilled inner parts of which dynamic substances can be transported and the surfaces of which can be furnished with sensors which perceive compound states or cell composes, diseases and distinctive pathogens add themselves to these and can release the dynamic substances to the target with out the including tissue being hurt. Nano medicine for early diagnosis of cancer One of the essential cause of deaths worldwide is cancer which accounts to 7.6 million persons (around 13 % everything being equivalent) in 2008.Countries of Western World and in the US are standing up to progressively the extended risk of development, which ought to be the second driving explanation behind death after heart-attack. There will be 15 million new occasions of tumor worldwide in 2020 as demonstrated by the World Health Organization (WHO). Most of the tumor related deaths occur by the spread of debilitating danger cells to major organs by a method called metastasis. Pharmaceutical and biotechnology associations are impacting package of research intrigues remembering the true objective to accommodate specific prescriptions that can pound fundamental and discretionary tumors, i.e. which result from metastasis to various organs. Nano technology in cancer treatment is currently a reality giving a huge variety of new instruments and potential results, from earlier restorative distinguishing strength and improved imaging to common, more capable, and more centered around medications. Development biomarkers are markers made by tumor cells spreading in the body and are typically used for malady acknowledgment which are at any rate introduce in too low obsessions to be successfully recognized in beginning times. Coordinated transport of specific nanoparticles into these tumor cells can start an area correspondence with illness cells which urges them to inside and out grow the production of these biomarkers. In like manner area ends up being therefore significantly less complex with biomarkers and can give an earlier investigation to authorities than biopsies. Ideal area of tumor allows brisk and less troublesome medicines moreover extending the chances of recovery. Appealing properties of iron oxide nanoparticles attach amazingly well to the tumors and make them appropriate imaging authorities with MRI-checks whereas their size and obsession in the tumor enable a high assurance and an exact mapping of wounds. Authorities would in this way have the capacity to rely upon thusly to pick and pick the cautious clearing of the tumor. Treating threat by show chemotherapy medicines or characteristics allows considerably more confined movement diminishing basically the measure of solutions devoured by the patient for ascend to influence and the responses on the incorporating strong tissues in the body. By nano medicine system nanoparticles can be implanted into the tumor and after that be established to make warm and pulverize danger cells either by appealing fields, X-pillars or light. Nano medicine for fighting diabetes Notwithstanding the way that diabetes is never again considered as a risky illness after the disclosure of insulin treatment it is up till now considered the fifth most typical explanation behind death in the U K. likewise diabetes is a disorder which significantly impacts patients close to home fulfillment and can even provoke genuine helper afflictions for instance visual debilitation and neuropathies. Nowadays two examples related to diabetes are conspicuous: An electrifying addition in the amount of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus t2dm a lifestyle and chubbiness related brokenness of glucose control The disease is as of now happening in earlier ages generally in the midst of pre-adulthood or from time to time in the midst of youthfulness while in the past it affected primarily the old people. Immature diabetes or type 1 diabetes t1dm is caused in light of the insusceptible framework induced complete decimation of insulin-conveying beta-cells in the exocrine organ. The drugs available at present require dependable imbuements of exogenous insulin a couple of times every day. Notwithstanding what may be normal starting time of t2dm can be managed by changes in eat less carbs by physical exercise and by drugs putting off the glucose take-up in blood. The different imbuements of insulin in late t2dm after weariness/pummeling of the beta cells and in t1dm impact patients close to home fulfillment since it is long meddlesome horrifying and along these lines basically striving for the youngsters. What’s more it doesn’t allow complete control over the glucose level which in the most negative situation can provoke neurologic or vascular issue. For a drawn-out period of time the principal look into in the fight against diabetes has in light of the progress of upgraded non-meddling watching and hormone association and furthermore the transplantation of islets in pancreas without invulnerable covering in t1dm-affected children. The use of nanotechnologies to decide therapeutic issues can give promising advances to help the individual fulfillment of diabetes patients. Acting at the nano scale with structures that are generally 10-100 times tinier than a body’s cell yet hardly greater than particles makes possible the treatment of this polygenic sickness at the sub-nuclear level. For instance ponder on the transport of hypoglycemic pro as nanoparticles inside the nose or into the lungs as a sprinkle or through the gastrointestinal tract as a pill are at the same time. In both the cases non-prominent and easy application courses are opened by crafted by nanoparticles. Furthermore tests are correct presently being driven o n nano materials worked with a glucose responsive covering which may go about as an insulin storeroom once mixed under the skin. Nano-based imaginative sensor systems are in like manner under research with the purpose of upgrading non-prominent or less meddlesome seeing of glucose level in the blood. As for a more present approach is a glucose-fragile tattoo. Likewise new safe protective nano-coatings can postpone the survival of transplanted pancreatic channels and guarantee them against the autoantibodies in t1dm patients. This approach concentrating on t1dm patients would enable them to experience a presence without safe suppressive drug. The desperation of continuous systems to fight this polygenic issue which transforms into a pandemic ailment and end up to an imperative shorter future 10 years in t2dm >20 years for t1dm and to high expenses for prosperity structures is unquestionable. Novel systems using moved nanotechnologies can deal with this test and will therefore be one of the key research subjects in the forthcoming EU framework program.

Right to Vote Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Right to Vote - Essay Example One of the few countries in the Middle East that has allowed women the right to not only vote but also run for political office is Lebanon, showing a willingness to change with the times.   â€Å"Lebanese women won the right to vote and to participate in national elections in 1952, 19 years before women in Switzerland† (Khalife, 2009).   Although women in Lebanon are allowed the right to vote and hold political office it is still a very male dominated culture, â€Å"in fact, only 17 women have served in Lebanons Parliament since suffrage† (Khalife, 2009).   One of the major reasons that women’s voices in Lebanon are marginalized is the fact that political parties are focused on sectarian differences.   Lebanese politics are unique to the Middle East, with 18 separate political parties being recognized and allowed the right to represent the people.   Although Lebanon is not considered free by freedom house, it is one of the few countries in the Middle Ea st that is actively working towards democratic representation of the people.  

Cultural landscape Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cultural landscape - Essay Example The economic status of the region is better than in other parts of the United States. The educational system is superb which provides its youth with opportunities for growth and professional development. One of the greatest virtues of Atlantic City is the diversity of its people. Religion plays a big part in the cultural landscape of a region. For instance in the Middle East religion affects the daily lives of its people evidence by the fact of the existence of a holy war that has lasted centuries. In my region religion influences the people positively because it helps build moral and ethical standards. Some of the religions that are practiced in my community include Roman Catholicism, United Methodist, Muslims, Evangelical Lutheran, Episcopal, Presbyterian, and Baptist. The religion that is practiced the most in Atlantic City is Roman Catholicism with a participation rate of 61.4% of the population (City-data). People in Atlantic City have a wide variety of religions to choose from. The religious movement in Atlantic City has helped a lot people especially the

Reading report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Reading report - Essay Example It is important to understand that human beings are responsible for building and assembling of computers. For this reason, it is important to distinguish between a strong artificial intelligence and a weak intelligence. One of such critics is John Searle who describes strong artificial intelligence with regard to the computer is that it is able to formulate and test hypothesis in a more rigorous and precise fashion with very minimal errors. However, Searle points out that the basis of the strength and precision of computer is not the brain but the programs, which have been installed in the computer. This means that computers have cognitive states, which are much stronger and accurate compared to that of a human being. A Turing test is the ability of the computer or a machine to give and express intelligent behavior, which is almost equivalent and is indistinguishable from human beings. Allan Turing who aimed at determining if computers can think developed this concept in 1950 (John R . Searle 54). In his test, he was not refereeing to the ability of the machines offering the right answers to the question but how the answers are closely linked to human response. The test therefore did not consider audio receptions but relied on text only channels. The test relies on artificial intelligence since it involves machines in testing if the computer is able to give accurate and precise answers. As expected Allan Turing test did not go without criticism. From a philosophical point of view Descartes agrees with the Turing test on the basis of automation but he was quick to denounce the test on the basis that it human beings can think and give answers and that machines can give the right answers and cannot think. It therefore means that even though machines can interpret information and give the right answers that do not qualify them to be superior to human on the basis of thinking. In addition to this, Searle disagrees with the Turing test on the subject that even though computers can respond to different languages and give the correct answers, they only provided the right answers but without understanding and this is what distinguishes artificial intelligence with human intelligence. A human being can only respond to a language if he/she has an understanding of the language. However, machines can do this better with the help of coded programs does not mean that the computer understands the language. To support his concept, Searle performed a Chinese room test where an English native speaker man is placed in room and shown Chinese symbols. The man fails to understand the Chinese symbol and language through writings since he is not a Chinese speaker. In the second test, the same man is given the same symbols but this time with interpreted English codes, which gives the meaning of the words and the man, begins to relate the English words with the Chinese symbols. Searle calls this the question and answer technique. If a Chinese native speaker is taken through the same test, similar results will be produced and it will be difficult to distinguish between answers from the English and Chinese speakers. We therefore conclude that the English native speaker has been able to answer Chinese questions even though he does not understand them. This does not make the human being intelligent since he has been able to answer questions that he does not understand. It is the coding of the English and C

Business Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words - 1

Business Plan - Essay Example Modern concept of marketing is different from the traditional concept. According to modern view, marketing consists of sensing, stimulating, servicing and satisfying the needs and wants of present and potential customers in more effective and efficient manner than its competitors. The modern concept of marketing holds that the key task of organization is to determine the needs wants and values of the customers and to adopt the organization to delivering the desired satisfaction more effectively and efficiently than its competitors. There are two key elements in this concept. (b) Integrating the marking planning and control with those of other departments (like manufacturing, finance purchase, inventory control, personnel research and development) keeping in view the ultimate goal of customers’ satisfaction. It may be noted that the customers expect satisfaction not only in terms of genuine and wholesome products and services but also several other considerations such as prompt and regular supply of production/services reasonable price, availability of efficient after sales service and so on. â€Å"Marketing management is the analysis, planning, implementation and control of programmes designed to create, build maintain mutually beneficial exchanges and relationship with target markets for the purpose of achieving organizational goals.† 3M Company Learning System is a new generation of microcomputer-aided education device that uses an innovative dot matrix coding technology to combine traditional paper book with microprocessor technology for electronic publishing. The system consists of textbooks printed with dot matrix codes as light background and/or as small icons inserted between texts, an electronic pen with optical sensor, a hand-held device with microprocessor, and a flash memory card stored with digital audio contents of paper textbooks. The dot matrix coding system and the speech processing and comparison was first-time innovation that

Personal Work Environment Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Personal Work Environment Paper - Essay Example Such studies support experts' claims that communication is indeed "the lifeblood of any organization" (p. 2). Business organizations agree that there are many ways of communicating. These are the channels of communication, or where the communication will take place. Thus, choosing the right channel and the appropriate form for business messages is a communication skill. Channel involves the issue of what should be put in writing and what should be communicated orally. Will messages be communicated by fax Telephone E-mail Face-to-face exchange When communicators agree about the channel, they can avoid misunderstandings. Such misunderstandings may seem trivial, but these can be significant in closer analysis. In the United States, according to business communication guides, efficiency, clarity, conciseness, accuracy, and accountability are the keys to making the right communication channel. For example, a telephone call may be the fastest way to get clarification, but you may need something in writing before you can act. In my opinion, face-to-face meeting is still the "best channel" to use when doing official business communications. ... Presently, business organizations could meet through videoconferencing. This method simulates live, face-to-face interaction, although people attending the "meeting" may be thousands of miles apart. Yet, videoconferencing could not provide the energy provided by participants who shares the space, and there is always the threat of technological glitches (Roebuck 2001, p. 4). In addition, memos, e-mail, networked intranet bulletin boards, printed reports, and other written documents are the most common channels of written communication within companies. Memos, in particular, play different roles in different cultures and organizations. In North American businesses, memos are the standard channel of communication from superiors to subordinates, subordinates to superiors, and employees at the same level. In addition to that, memos can also be written to file or as reminders to oneself. They can be formal or informal in tone. When informal, a memo is a convenient way of communicating information in writing-so there is a record of it-without the weight of a formal document. However, memos at this time are already commonly sent by e-mail (Varner & Beamer, 2004). As a means for sending feedback from employees to management, memos (especially e-mail) excel-at least where feedback is expected by managers. Feedback is not easy for managers to gather if subordinates are not used to giving it. Managers who don't solicit feedback will not receive as much as those who do. Memos may not be the best channel in these situations. Face-to-face exchanges, in which a wide range of nonverbal signals can be sent along with the worded message, may be a better choice. With the advancement of

Comparative Corporate Governance Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Comparative Corporate Governance - Coursework Example deal with mergers and acquisitions and will further strengthen the differences that exist between US and UK takeover activities. The directors of target corporations in U.S. can make use of the available takeover defences to shift the hostile offers within the procedures of a conciliated acquisition that creates greater power for negotiation allowing the board to optimize the value of shareholders within M&A transactions. While the process of conciliation is on, the directors have the power to consolidate provisions within the M&A agreement under the deal protection measure, that goes on to elevate the prices and premium rates for the shareholders. Therefore, we find that in case of US target corporation as per the extensive rules established under the Delaware General Corporation Law and the Delaware common law the ultimate authority and power is wielded by the board of directors in case of selling the company. However, the board of directors in U.K. target corporations do not have similar powers to transfer the offers into the process of conciliation. Instead, in this case the takeover defences are face strict prohibition order in UK and the recent amendments made to the takeover code by the Panel impedes the use of any kind of deal protection measures. Therefore, by removing the deal protection measures and the takeover defences, the takeover code largely curbs the board’s power of negotiation. This article will examine the various differences that exist in the regulation of takeover defences in the UK and the US and how they reflect the different approaches taken in the UK and the US to the balance of  power between the board of directors and the shareholder body. Discussion Antitakeover disposition... From the research it can be comprehended that antitakeover disposition used by target firms are defence measures adopted to avoid unwarranted hostile tenders presented by any future bidders. Some of the defence measures are used as pre-emptive strategies (in anticipation of future negotiation), while there are also a wide spectrum of complaisant defences available to organisations that find themselves as potential targets after the negotiations. Besides these, the defence strategies and the manner by which they can be employed differ widely between US (especially under Delaware law), and UK. As per the Delaware law while defending against a hostile takeover the directors of the target company may apply their ‘business judgment rule’ where they are allowed to show that after showing â€Å"good faith and reasonable investigation,† they felt a threat to the present policies of the corporation. Furthermore as per the awarded sentence in the case Unocal Corp v Mesa Pet roleum Co, a judiciary review of any defensive takeover strategies looks towards whether the threat mentioned by the directors were viewed reasonably, and if the defensive strategies applied were feasible to the posed threat. In UK however, in direct contrast, the use of takeover defences to ward off hostile takeovers is restricted largely by the City Code on Takeovers and Mergers and make sit necessary that there is shareholder approval before the defensive strategies are exercised.

Personal Work Environment Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Personal Work Environment Paper - Essay Example Such studies support experts' claims that communication is indeed "the lifeblood of any organization" (p. 2). Business organizations agree that there are many ways of communicating. These are the channels of communication, or where the communication will take place. Thus, choosing the right channel and the appropriate form for business messages is a communication skill. Channel involves the issue of what should be put in writing and what should be communicated orally. Will messages be communicated by fax Telephone E-mail Face-to-face exchange When communicators agree about the channel, they can avoid misunderstandings. Such misunderstandings may seem trivial, but these can be significant in closer analysis. In the United States, according to business communication guides, efficiency, clarity, conciseness, accuracy, and accountability are the keys to making the right communication channel. For example, a telephone call may be the fastest way to get clarification, but you may need something in writing before you can act. In my opinion, face-to-face meeting is still the "best channel" to use when doing official business communications. ... Presently, business organizations could meet through videoconferencing. This method simulates live, face-to-face interaction, although people attending the "meeting" may be thousands of miles apart. Yet, videoconferencing could not provide the energy provided by participants who shares the space, and there is always the threat of technological glitches (Roebuck 2001, p. 4). In addition, memos, e-mail, networked intranet bulletin boards, printed reports, and other written documents are the most common channels of written communication within companies. Memos, in particular, play different roles in different cultures and organizations. In North American businesses, memos are the standard channel of communication from superiors to subordinates, subordinates to superiors, and employees at the same level. In addition to that, memos can also be written to file or as reminders to oneself. They can be formal or informal in tone. When informal, a memo is a convenient way of communicating information in writing-so there is a record of it-without the weight of a formal document. However, memos at this time are already commonly sent by e-mail (Varner & Beamer, 2004). As a means for sending feedback from employees to management, memos (especially e-mail) excel-at least where feedback is expected by managers. Feedback is not easy for managers to gather if subordinates are not used to giving it. Managers who don't solicit feedback will not receive as much as those who do. Memos may not be the best channel in these situations. Face-to-face exchanges, in which a wide range of nonverbal signals can be sent along with the worded message, may be a better choice. With the advancement of

Act of Kindness Essay Example for Free

Act of Kindness Essay Today i will be telling you about one of my act of kindness, but before i do that i will be giving you hints as to what your about to read. It happen at a store that was one city over from me and was one of the best places to be be around because of the places near it. I was really young and it happen in the toy aisle because when your little and a boy its your favorite place. There was a young boy who was crying out for his mom. I was a worried alot when i was little and so i had my older sister help me look for the kids mother so he could smile. Those are my hints to what your about to read in my essay about my act of kindness. My act of kindness takes place at Kmart in Simi Valley, Califronia. I lived one city over from Simi and it was the only major shopping store close to us that was like a Walmart. I loved going to Kmart with my mom and sister because i would most likey get a toy for going with them. Once before when i went to Kmart with my mom i got lost from her and it was the scariest thing a young boy can feel being lost from his mother. When i got lost there was someone there to help me get back to my mom, so i always felt that i should help someone else who was lost from someone they love. MY act of kindness happened in Kmart but to be more precise it happened in the toy aisle in Kmart. When your a young boy the toy aisle is like a candy shop and every toy is like a different flavor. I was six years old with my mom and sister and i would always go to the toys to look and see what i wanted for chrismas because chrismas was like a month and a half away. I saw a little boy in the toy aisle with me he had his hands on his face and i didnt know what he was doing. The little boy was three years old and his hands were over his face because he was crying and i didnt know why he was crying i was thinking it was for a toy and he mom wouldnt let him get it. Then i hear him starting to cry mama mama where are you mama. I started to worry for the three year old boy even though i was only six years old i worried and to this day i still worry about stuff. When i went up to my mom i told her i think that boy is lost from his mom. I got to the point where i didnt want him to be sad any more because i knew when i got lost from my mom someone helped me. I ask my sister if she would help me with looking from his mom, my sister was 12 so she was older than me and could do alot more than i could. We started to look around the toy aisle because that where the three year old boy was so we thought his mother would be close by. Then we started to look other places we went to the food  aisle and the young kids clothing aisle. We looked everywhere we were thinking his mom left Kmart and left her son in the toy aisle. We went to the cash register have an employee page that a little boy lost his mom, but right when we got there we heard the mom yell the three year old boys name and he yelled mommy and she thanked us for helping her son look for his mom and i was happy knowing he got back with his mom. That is one of my act of kindness but to me this is one of the biggest act of kindness i have done because i was six when i did this act of kindness. To some people it might not seem like a big act of kindness but even the littlest acts of kindness can help someone in the long run. So if i could say that someones act of kindness to me made me in turn help someone else. I hope what you get from this story is that you can help someone no matter the age or the place. These are my words of wisdom for someone who was helped and who in return helped someone else.

Biflavone and a Plant Sterol Isolated from Antidesma bunius

Biflavone and a Plant Sterol Isolated from Antidesma bunius A Biflavone and a Plant Sterol Isolated from Antidesma bunius (Linn.) Spreng. Ivan L. Lawagai,* Suad Naheedb, Mohammed Mosihuzzamanc, Allan, Patrick G. Macabeoadeg, Erickson Paragasefk, Peter Prokschh, Alicia M. Aguinaldoaeg Keywords: Antidesma, Antidesma bunius, Amentoflavone, Betasitosterol, biflavone, sterols 1. Subject and source Antidesma bunius (Linn.) Spreng. (Euphrbiaceae) ‘‘bignay† is a common plant found throughout the Philippines. The bark is poisonous as it contains an alkaloid thus, is used medicinally. The leaves are acidic and diaphoretic, and, when young, these are boiled with pot-herbs, and employed by the natives in syphilitic infections (Quisumbing, 1978). The leaves are sudorific and are employed in treating snakebite in Asia (Morton, 1987). The leaves of Antidesma bunius, commonly known as â€Å"bignay†, are traditionally used by native Filipinos to control diabetes (Lawag et al., 2012). Fresh leaves were collected from the hills of Brgy. Agustin Navarra, Ivisan, Capiz Province in January 2009. The plant was identified by Asst. Prof. Rosie A. Madulid and a voucher specimen (USTH 5357) is deposited at the UST Herbarium, Botany Laboratory, Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas (UST), Manila, Philippines. 2. Previous work Dammara-20, 24-dien-3ÃŽ ²-ol and friedelin were isolated from the stem and leaves of A. bunius (Hui and Sung, 1968). In 2008, Samappito and Butkhup identified the flavonoids catechin, Procyanidin B1 and Procyanidin B2 from the fruits and Gallic acid, quercetin, catechin and epicatechin were also detected from the fruits of A. bunius (Santiago et al., 2005). 3. Present study 3.1. Extraction and isolation Dried and ground leaves Antidesma bunius (1610 g) were extracted with 80% ethanol to give a green syrupy extract (240.0 g) which was subjected to vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC) using solvents of increasing polarity starting with hexane, hexane-dichloromethane (1:1), dichloromethane, dichloromethane -ethyl acetate (1:1), ethyl acetate, ethyl acetate-methanol (1:1), and methanol to give seven fractions. The fifth fraction (4.04 g) was further fractionated twice on silica gel packed on VLC using solvents of increasing polarity starting from hexane and ending with methanol giving five fractions each, respectively. Fraction three which was purified twice on silica gel using hexane-dichloromethane (1:1) and hexane-dichloromethane (95:5) furnished 1 (16.13 mg). Isolation of 2: the fourth fraction (12.34 g) after VLC was chromatographed on silica gel using 5-10% gradients of methanol in dichloromethane to give ten fractions. Fraction three (42.3 mg) was further purified using Sephadex LH20 using 20% gradients of methanol in DCM to give 2 (5.9 mg). (1)(2) 3.2. Identification of purified compounds The compounds were identified as Stigmast-5-en-3ÃŽ ²-ol or ÃŽ ²-sitosterol, a plant sterol, (1) (Balamurugan et al., 2012) and (Sosinska, et al., 2013) and 3,8-biapigenin (Amentoflavone), a biflavone (2) (Chari et al., 1977) and (Ryu et al., 2010) on the basis of their IR, LR-EIMS, LR-ESIMS and NMR (1H NMR, 13C NMR, 1H-1H COSY, HMBC and HSQC) spectral data and by comparison of spectra reports with the literature. 4. Chemotaxonomic significance Other Antidesma species like A. menasu (Risvi et al., 1980a), (Risvi et al., 1980b) and A. pentandrum (Chen et al., 2004), (Kikuchi, 1983) are known to contain plant sterols. A. puncticulatum is known to contain flavonoids (Nuengchamnong and Ingkaninan, 2009), while A. laciniatum was reported to contain both plant sterols and flavonoids (Tchinda et al., 2006). The isolation process that was presently preformed on the ethanolic leaf extract of A. bunius afforded compounds 1 and 2 which were coherent to the compounds that were previously isolated or reported from the other Antidesma species. Although the said compounds were reported for the very first time in A. bunius, compound 1 was also reported to be present in A. pentandrum (Chen et al., 2004) and in A. laciniatum (Tchinda et al., 2006), while compound 2 was reported to be present in A. laciniatum (Tchinda et al., 2006). This further establishes the chemotaxonomic relationship of A. bunius towards the other species of the genus Antidesma. Although plant sterols (Hui and Sung, 1968) and biflavones (Samappito and Butkhup, 2008), (Santiago et al., 2005) were previously reported in the leaf and bark extracts A. bunius, this is the first report that indicated the presence of ÃŽ ²-sitosterol (1) and Amentoflavone (2). Compounds 1 and 2 therefore add up to the list of isolated and identified compounds from the leaves of A. bunius. References Quisumbing, E., 1978. Medicinal Plants of the Philippines. Katha Publishing Inc., Quezon City, Philippines. Balamurugan, R., Stalin, A. and Ignacimuthu, S., 2012. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 47, 38 – 43. Chari, V. M., Ilyas, M., Wagner, H., Neszmelyi, A., Chen, F., Chen, L., Lin, Y., Lin, Y., 1977. Phytochemistry 16, 1273 – 1278. Chen, Y.C.; Cheng, M.J.; Lee, S.J.; Dixit, A.K., Ishikawa, T., Tsai, I.L.; Chen, I.S., 2004. Helvetica Chimica Acta 87 (11), 2805 – 2811. Hui, W. H.; Sung, M. L., 1968. Australian Journal of Chemistry 21(8), 2137-40. Kikuchi, H., Tensho, A., Shimizu, I., Shiokawa, H., Kuno, A., Yamada, S., Fujiwara, T., Tomita, K., 1983. Chemistry Letters (4), 603 –606. Lawag, I., Aguinaldo, A., Naheed, S., Mossihuzzaman, M., 2012. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 144(1), 217 – 219. Morton, J., 1987. Bignay. p. 210–212. Fruits of Warm Climates. Julia F. Morton, Miami, FL. Nuengchamnong, N., and Ingkaninan, K., 2010. Food Chemistry 118, 147 – 152. Samappito, S.; Butkhup, L., 2008. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 11 (13), 1654 – 1661. Santiago, D.M.O., 2005. MS Thesis University of the Philippines, Los Banos. Sosinska, E., Przybylski, R., Hazendonk, P., Zhao, Y. Y., Curtis, J., 2013. Food Chemistry 139, 464 – 474. Rizvi, S. H. Shoeb, A. Kapil, R. S. Popli, S. P., 1980. Experientia 36. Birkhauser Verlag, Basel (Schweiz). Rizvi, S., Shoeb, A., Kapil, R., Popli, S., 1980. Phytochemistry 19 (11), 2409 – 10. Ryu, Y. B., Jeong, H. J., Kima, J. H., Kima, Y. M., Park, J., Kim, D., Naguyen, T.T.H., Park, S., Chang, J. S., Park, K. H., Rho, M., Lee, W. S., 2010. Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry 18, 7940 – 7947. Tchinda, A..; Teshome, A.; Dagne, E.; Arnold, N.; Wessjohann, L., 2006. Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Ethiopia 20 (2), 325 – 328. Current Affiliations: iChemistry Department, Adamson University, Ermita, Manila, Philippines. jJinnah University for Women, Nazimabad, Karachi, Pakistan kDepartment of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA * Corresponding author. E-mail address:*[emailprotected] (I.L. Lawag)

Metadrama In Shakespeare Essay -- essays research papers fc

‘Shakespeare’s plays reflect not life but art.’ Make use of this remark in writing an essay on Shakespeare’s use of Metadrama. Shakespeare constantly plays with metadrama and the perception of his plays as theatre and not life with the complications inherent that in life we all play roles and perceive life in different ways. The play has recognition of its existence as theatre, which has relevance to a contemporary world that is increasingly aware of precisely how its values and practices are constructed and legitimised through perceptions of reality. Critic Mark Currie posits that metadrama allows its readers a better understanding of the fundamental structures of narrative while providing an accurate model for understanding the contemporary experience of the world as a series of constructed systems. From this quote metadrama can be said to openly question how narrative assumptions and conventions transform and filter reality, trying to ultimately prove that no singular truths or meanings exist. In respect to the plays of Shakespeare, critic John Drakakis supports this notion arguing that Julius Caesar may be read as a kind of metadrama: by figuring Caesar, Brutus, Cassius and others as actors, self consciously fashioning Roman politics as competing theatrical performances the play enacts the representation of itself to ideology, and of ideology to subjectivity. Moreover if the subjects within the fiction of Julius Caesar are radically unstable by virtue of their representations then so is the theatre whose function is to st age this instability. This means that Julius Caesar fits within this essay’s definitions of Shakespeare’s work reflecting art not life, but also if we are to think of life in terms of people playing roles within their lives where ‘All the world’s a stage’ , and perceiving reality in a myriad different ways then theatre reflects life reflecting art - a complication that students of Shakespeare would expect the Bard to enjoy. Feste in Twelfth Night exemplifies this notion, â€Å"Nothing that is so is so† (Act IV scene i, line 8) Shakespeare uses Feste to foreground the artificiality of the complex theater and language systems that the audience absorbs, saying, ‘Nothing that seems real is how you perceive it’. It is a metadramatic irony that Shakespeare uses the fool to do this. Wor... ...es artful language systems with the use of alliteration (‘r’ sounds) and puns (eyes, I) which is obviously artistic expression and unlike real life, foregrounding the theatrical systems to the audience and allowing them to enjoy the magical/unreal theme. This essay has examined the various CRITIC Patricia Waugh also provides a comprehensive definition by describing metafiction as "fictional writing which self-consciously and systematically draws attention to its status as an artifact in order to pose questions about the relationship between fiction and reality" BIBLIOGRAPHY Scholes, Robert. "Metafiction." Metafiction. Ed. Mark Currie. New York: Longman, 1995 (Shakespeare’s Tragedies - ‘Fashion It Thus, Julius Caesar and the politics of representation’ John Drakakis, MacMillan Press London 1998) (Jefferson. Ann. "Patricia Waugh, Metafiction The Theory and Practice of Self-conscious Fiction." Poetics Today. 7:3 (1986): 574-6.) Hamlet, New Swan Shakespeare Advanced Series. Ed. Bernard Lott Longman Group Ltd 1970 The Complete Oxford Shakespeare, Oxford University Press 1987 Suffolk Ed. Stanley Wells and Gary Taylor

Woodstock Essay -- essays research papers

Woodstock 1969 The Sixties were an exciting revolutionary period with great cultural change. Some people called it the â€Å"decade of discontent† (Britannica) due to the race riots in Detroit and La, and the demonstrations against the Vietnam War. Other people called it the decade of â€Å"peace, love, and harmony† (Woodstock 69). This decade was identified as such as a result of the peace movement and the emergence of the flower children. (Britannica) The sixties were about assassination, unforgettable fashion, new styles of music, civil rights, gay and women’s liberation, Vietnam, Neil Armstrong landing on the moon, peace marches, sexual freedom, drug experimentation, and Woodstock. All of these components caused a revolutionary change in the world of popular Music and society. The most famous of the Sixties rock festivals was Woodstock music and art fair. It was held on farm property in Bethel New York on August 15-17th 1969 (Woodstock 69). Three Days of peace and music wou ld come to define a generation. Festival organizers decided on the title Woodstock because it was where folksinger Bob Dylan and many other musicians lived in New York. It was an artists’ retreat since the turn of the century. People came from all around, some for the music, some for atmosphere and some just to be there. Although peace was a main theme of the concert, it was difficult to keep with a crowd of 400,000 people. Woodstock contained all six of the qualities of cultural performance, a cultural process...

Berkeley

The concerns of idealism and empiricism have been of continual concern in philosophy.   Pre-Kantian thought had this collision at the highest point of controversy.   Idealism holds the view that reality is composed in the consciousness of various agents. It finds its most radical postulation in the work of George Berkeley.   Berkeley famously holds that view that nothing exists in the absence of perception – ‘to be is to be perceived’, as the maxim states.   The reality of objects is assured by their projection onto or within the consciousness of different agents. Idealism here is represented by Berkeley who is the foremost proponent of a pure idealism in the western philosophical tradition.   Similarly, he is the only major immaterialist thinker in his era of Enlightenment philosophy.   The role of the perceiver is the final referent in the equation.   This is in line with the return to science and the re-appropriation of classical values that characterized the Enlightenment worldview.   Empiricism is headed by John Locke, the emphasis here is thus not as much on the perceiver as it is on the perceived objects.   Within both traditions of philosophic thought there is great emphasis on perception as the key determining process in the attainment of reality (or an accurate representation thereof). When perception is the key to proper inquiry there are two main branches of problems that must be accounted for, illusion and delusion.   Illusion is a problem or difficulty with the function of sensory input and delusion, being a problem with the perceiving mind.  Ã‚   The opposition between a mental and perceptual problem doesn’t hold up as well in contemporary philosophic thought, however it seems necessary to include these models of thought for the purpose of explicating the idealist-empiricist debate circa 1700s.   Another framing concern is the epistemological character of the entire dialogue.   It is specifically a drive toward certainty that fueled much philosophic inquiry. Illusions, in the sense that one’s perceptions imply contradictory things, have often fascinated philosophers from Plato through Descartes and even until today.   In Berkeley’s work Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous, he discusses a number of perceptual discrepancies using Philonous as his mouthpiece.   The problem is stated that if one puts a hot hand in water the temperature feels cooler and warmer if one places a cold hand in the same water (Berkeley 142-143). This is done within the context of Berkeley’s idealist project which is to remove attributes from the object and describe things in terms of their existence in perception.   He starts by mentioning the limits of the senses: they cannot infer from observation to causes and are bound to that which is immediately perceived (Berkeley 138).   In this manner, he argues that since there is a discrepancy in the perception of the same object. The ‘temperature’ of the water must not be a uniformed attribute that exists within the water.   Otherwise, the water must be at once hot and cold and this is rejected as an absurdity (Berkeley 143). Hylas raises the objection that while the sensation may be in the perceiver, the quality that gives rise to it must be within the object.   This is countered by stating that such a quality has no bearing as we know of it only by our intellect.   That is, we have removed it from any sort of corporeality.   He writes in his principles that ideas of one God and ideas of man are both subject to being ideas, they cannot exist â€Å"otherwise than in a perceiving mind† (Berkeley 74). Locke’s approach to this particular problem is addressed in a different way in his Essays Concerning Human Understanding.   While Berkeley describes the sensations of heat and cold as analogous to sweetness and bitterness or more generally pleasure and pain, Locke conceives the situation of temperature as analogous the properties of motion.   Locke holds the view that heat and cold are actually a form of motion at a minute level (Locke 2.8.21). This is, of course, a prototypical view for the modern scientific view of temperature where heat is represented by low-level vibration of particles.   The faster the vibration the higher the temperature.   With this model, what we feel in the bucket example is the deceleration of particles in the warm hand and the acceleration of particles in the cool hand.   The differential temperatures see to average themselves out.   This model is well in line with the contemporary palette, however, it fails to address Berkeley’s perspective which erases the concept of an inherent quality. The problem of delusion is brought up, again in Berkeley’s Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous.   Hylas posits, â€Å"What difference is there between real things and chimeras formed by the imagination . . . since they are all equally in the mind?† (Berkeley 197).   The answer comes that â€Å"ideas formed by the imagination are faint and indistinct†(Berkeley 197).   This may be a submerged reference to Descartes demand for ‘clear and distinct’ ideas as the foundation of analytic truths. Locke discusses this in his Essays Concerning Human Understanding.   He suggests that wit produces combinations of ideas while judgement separates them (Locke 2.11.2).   He writes, â€Å"How much the imperfection of accurately discriminating ideas one from another lies, either in the dulness or faults of the organs of sense; or want of acuteness, exercise, or attention in the understanding† (Locke 2.11.2). Furthermore, he suggests that ideas must link up with things.   Sensation is produced by the conformity of the object with the perceiver (4.4.4). The distance between the two thinkers is thus that of their views of the fundamental role of perception.   For Berkeley it may seem that Locke is being overly skeptical on the role of the perceiver.   For in the thinking of Locke the mind is not the origin but the senses which shape the mind.   For Locke, we are born tabula rasa, a blank slate to be impressed by our sensory input. Our mind takes up the job of shaping sensation after that point.   This is to say with Locke we are in an a posteriori epistemology whereas with Berkeley we are a priori.   The problem for Berkeley could thus be characterized as finding the foundation of knowledge on the continually shifting horizon of sensation rather than the static, constant world of ideas.   In a way this is analogous to the divergence between Heraclitus who wrote that â€Å"nothings stays fixed† and Parmenides who held that â€Å"Being is unchanging† (Wheelwright 70,90).   The problem has come from a long history and different forms of this dispute will likely continue with eternal perpetuity. Works Cited Armstrong, David M.. â€Å"Introduction†. In Berkeley’s Philosophical Writings.   Ed. David M. Armstrong. New York: Collier Books, 1965.   7-34. Berkeley, George.   Berkeley’s Philosophical Writings.   Ed. David M. Armstrong. New York: Collier Books, 1965. Locke, John. An Essay Concerning Humane Understanding, Volume I. Jan 2004. .   May 21, 2007. Locke, John. An Essay Concerning Humane Understanding, Volume II. Jan 2004. .   May 21, 2007. Wheelwright, Philip.   The Presocratics.   New York : The Odyssey Press.   1966.

Electric Vehicles Technology Analysis Essay

Hybrid electric vehicles are one of the applications of hybrid technology in real modern life; in which it’s currently a high demand technology and is growing rapidly. Although hybrid vehicles weren’t the latest type of transportation technology to be discovered, since they appeared earlier than gasoline vehicles, because of the cost of research and technology they disappeared a prosperous century of gasoline vehicles began. Nowadays, when the world needs green transportation because of high fossil costs and political reasons, hybrid vehicles returned and development into that type of technology is kicking back to full speed. Hybrid vehicles are the combination between electric engines and gasoline engines. Therefore, they inherit all the characteristics of traditional vehicle and add new functions of electric motor to help the vehicles save energy as well as reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Many vehicle manufacturers such as BMW, GMC, and Toyota are applying hybrid technology in producing their cars. One of the main reasons that hybrid vehicle are not as popular as regular gas powered vehicles is their prices. Most consumers don’t want to pay the extra $5,000- to $8,000 price tag to buy a vehicle that they don’t see the instant benefits of. Nevertheless hybrid vehicles will bring the benefits to their users and the environment, but not immediately when they buy the Hybrid vehicle. While in use, Hybrid vehicles will reduce the fuel consumption by an average of 42% which in return would be also good for the environment as it reduces greenhouse gas emissions by about 42% than the usual amount. However, in addition to what Hybrid vehicle offers the public in money savings by consuming less fuel and supporting a greener environment, it also made it possible for the public to accept alternative power sources for their vehicles. Also, hybrid technology has helped expand the research into battery power, battery life and battery size which helped in emerging of newer technology of fully electrical cars that doesn’t use any gas, for example: The Nissan Leaf. In the meanwhile, currently the available fully electrical vehicles (Nissan Leaf) on the market have advantages of totally being gas independent, and faster acceleration than some of the hybrid cars (I personally test drove the Nissan Leaf both on city streets and on the highway and I think it accelerated a lot better than my 2010 Toyota Prius hybrid. ). In my opinion the technology still not fully developed to be the most reliable form of transportation for an individual or a house hold use, since you can’t drive more than 100 miles per full charge as advertised; which I am sure it’s a little bit less based on consumers review (around 75-85 miles per full charge. ) In the near future I can imagine that fully electrical cars be more reliable and go in between 700 to1000 miles per full charge, of course it will take its course of development just like any other new technology that starts small and gets bigger by time. I imagine in the next couple years electrical cars will be able to go anywhere in between 100 to 200 miles per charge, then in the following few years from 200 to 300 miles per full charge, etc†¦ Furthermore, in my opinion I think that gas engines are a thing of the past and I can see in the future Hybrid engines and electrical engines replacing everything that we are using today, from gas powered vehicles to airplanes, from motorcycles to scooters and lawnmower to children toys. In conclusion, the human race is using new technologies to try to fix the harm they caused the environment by creating products that don’t contribute to the pollution of our environment and many consumers hope that hybrid and electrical motors technology would help reduce the pollution and contribute to help save our environment.